Common Tern sterna hirundo
Status: The Common Tern is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, using IUCN criterion in 2004, with an estimate between 1,100,000–4,500,000 individuals globally.1 This species was also listed as Endangered in the state of Illinios in 1977.2 The common tern is not currently CITES listed, and has a G5, or secure, listing from Natureserve.3 By Thomas Mullane |
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| Terns
are
streamlined aquatic
feeders, with delicate long primaries and intense sharp beaks. The tern
is a fishing bird, who can dive into the water after small minnows and
silversides which they site by hovering about 10 meters above the water
surface. Terns are grouped into the same family as Auks, Gulls, and
other oceanic and surf birds, yet they have a grace distinctive to the
characteristics of their Genus. Cornell's lab describes the Common Tern as "A graceful, black-and-white waterbird, the Common Tern is the most widespread tern in North America. It can be seen plunging from the air into water to catch small fish along rivers, lakes, and oceans."3 Also, the following description is typical of many birding guides; cap solid black, back light gray, underparts pale gray, legs orange-red, bill orange-red with black tip, outer wing feathers black at tip, leading and trailing edge of wings in flight dark, outer edge of tail feathers dark gray, and rump white - contrasting with gray back.(4) Most birders would agree that, given the above characteristics, size, date, and region are especially useful when correctly identifying a Common Tern in comparison to other similar Terns. When in the same region at the right dates as the Forster's Tern, they are almost indistinguishable. |
| Kindgom |
Animals |
| Phylum |
Chordates |
| Class |
Birds
(Aves) |
| Order |
Ciconiiformes
(Sea birds, wading
birds, diving birds) |
| Family |
Laridae
(Terns, gulls,
razorbills, auks) |
| Genus |
Sterna
(Terns, identified by
Linnaeus in 1758) |
| Species |
hirundo
( Linnaeus, 1758 |
| The Common Tern digs the beach.
Particularly beaches with low-lying
tidal pools and rolling dunes. They are often found nesting in
colonies, often in areas where Piping Plovers nest. While coastal
habitats are common, the Common Tern will occupy sandy and dune areas
around freshwater lakes and wetlands as well. Also, note; "Seacoasts,
estuaries, bays, lakes, rivers, and marshes. Nests on sandy, pebbly, or
stony beaches, matted vegetation, marsh islands, and grassy areas;
typically on isolated, sparsely vegetated islands in large lakes or
along coast, also in rivers. Breeds successfully on human-made islands,
including navigational aids or cribs" (5) |
Threats
to
Survival![]() Common threats to breeding sites would include characteristic stresses for most coastal nesting birds, such as; human disturbances, pet disturbance, native and non-native predators, invasive species (such as ghost crabs - Ocypode quadrata), and beach erosion. Coastal development has increased many of these stressors, and populations have historically been affected by pesticide use. Currently, the populations are stable, while some states are listing the Common Tern as in decline. Often this is due to relocated human-formed habitats. Some research has been done on chemical residues (i.e. PCB's and petroleum products) leading to no conclusive links to population declines. One study found increase in breeding attempts by adult pairs in New York state, through doubled-broods.(6) Common Tern by Jerry Liguori |
Daily Reflections
|
Personal Teaching Connection
|
| Monday After breakfast, Lennie offerd a reading from a book she purchased here in town. The reading was linked to Lennie's residence. Downstairs, the group split into sub-groups and worked out mental maps of the Fading Footprints webpage. The maps ranged from literal site maps of the web layout to deeper depictions of the teaching resources needed to develop such a unit with students, including a chronological list of expedition items. David Grant followed this exercise with a workshop on using Mozilla Composer (i.e. Netscape also) to layout a webpage for the individual species given to each summit participant. (Species were distributed to participants Sunday evening, after the folder and files systems were introduced to the group.) The workshop provided some common language followed by written instructions on how to layout each page. The structure resembles that used by several government and private organizations when writing species fact sheets. This framework would work in a classroom because of such structure. There was information on linking and anchoring text that provided useful for footnotes in the status section of the page. After lunch, David Sparks gave a presentation using live animals, hitting familiar messages about wild animal care versus pet care. At 2:00pm, Ellen lead a session on enlarging a photo of each species through illustration. This illustration will ultimately be used on this species page. At the beginning of the session, the sky became increasingly darker until rain fell hard on the building for hours. After dinner, David provided a demonstration on using Picasa, an on-line photo sharing service where all photos taken during this summit can be uploaded. Photos were taked from my camera as part of the demo. Time was given after this demo for writing this reflection. |
Product Design I feel we (all "we" references from this point on refer to the science team at BSSCS) have already spent time on how mapping will be an intergral part of our planning and our student work. Regardless, it could be worth some planning to relate the webpage design site maps to other scientific models, and possibly even turn those models into webpages. David mentioned something about how his technology students were each responsible for creating specific pages about types of technology, like biotechnology. In biology alone, there are many fields of study that students could investigate for individual research projects, although I don't know if I am ready (or if the school is ready) technologically to produce such webpages. From our morning questions, there were several purpose questions I thought would be helpful to answer before working through such a unit with students;
Relative to the species fact sheets, information research is still left unstructured - and possibly because our information could be entered solely based on our observations. It seems this type of product could be planned from two angles. First, from the perspective of a research paper focusing on summarizing documents and citing work; and second, from the perspective of pure observations focusing on observation skills and reflection writing. |
| Tuesday The day started after breakfast with a reading by Tom (myself) about Pete Dunne, David Sibley and the Guide he created, and was immediately followed by heading out to Goose Rock Beach for Piping Plover surveys and observations of Least Tern nesting sites. Two Audubon staff hosted a tour of the site and talked about the success and stress of the birds nesting at the site. The site has had up to 16 nesting pairs of plovers, which has actually lead to some difficulties in management. (Species list here.) Back at the center we read an article written by David Grant on the Fading Footprints unit. Our task was to find out what the key components of a learning expedition were relative to this unit. We did this through conversations which yielded some expedition product criteria (later revealed as a document already completed by KMS staff.) Critera we discussed included; having resources available and at an appropriate level for students, product structure is clear and consistent from student to student, content is on level and background skills have been considered, enrichment opportunities exist through the topic pages, there is an abstract type of competition that occurs where students are producing their own work, but know the work will be offered to a greater community for enjoyment/scrutiny, and all product examples are equal. Another artwork session followed at 3:15 with Ellen where she introduced watercolor techniques. This began with an explanation of the characteristic wet blending and drying of watercolor paints. I had difficulties blending a proper gradient of color before each previous paint stroke dried, and even when dried, each subsequent stroke would darken the subject far more than my desired effect, while also bleeding out of the lines of my subject. The day concluded with a check-in, where group participants expressed which elements of the summit they were comfortable with, which elements they had questions about. |
Anatomy
of an Expedition I want to think more about the different research pathways students can take when preparing similar products to those created during the Fading Footprints program. I have traditionally structured my classroom products using MLA format mini-lessons, emphasizing the importance of citing works used for research. Research resources (web, books, articles, etc.,) were used following note-taking strategies taught in class, which lead to student written summaries of that text. I wondered at this point, could a student write a content summary from their own observations (and those of the students around them) without using other documents? My theory is that this would not, of course, be an end goal, but a step in developing students who have not built any trust in the learning expedition process. At one point towards the end of today's sessions either David or Scott said that the end product - the species page - was not important. It is actually this process that is. Where ever or what ever you are working on so far is fine, but most importantly that we are working on these reflections and thinking how to bring what we found important here back to the schools we work at. I asked them if they held that same mentality when addressing the students, and the answer was a definite no - for the students, it's all about the birds and those fact sheets. Another important element from today was the David used a "Making the Puzzle" slideshow that had tips on the anatomy of an expedition. It would be helpful to get that file. Relative to the expedition product criteria, the broad concepts related specifically to the learning standards set up by the state of Maine, therfore we should be looking at specific NYS standards when thinking about a unit. Also, the unit's broad concepts must apply directly to the specific examples which students can then do specific research on those examples, using the resources that must be available. If those criteria are not in place, we would have a difficult time making that unit work. And I am using difficult lightly here. |
| Wednesday At 7am the group departed South Portland and headed to Scarborough Marsh for a canoe trip. The environment was tidal marsh, Willets and Tree Swallows dominating. The Willets actually nest in the marsh, and were disturbed at several points by our canoes. We also saw a peep, which I ended up listing as a semi-palmated sandpiper, but it just as easily could have been a least. At some point during the iMovie workshop I realized I had not been doing much to bring back to the team at BSSCS. I still haven't solidified what to bring back, but I started documenting some thoughts of the facilitators and some shots of people working. (It also became clear during this workshop, that I had no video to actually edit, so I started shooting whatever.) I taped interviews from Ellen, Scott and Peter, but still need David. It would be helpful to get comments from others as well to round out the overview of the summit. I updated the species list from the morning's trip, adding the Glossy Ibis and peep, and announced the location of the list to the other participants. |
Fieldwork
and Community I've acquired a titled of "Super Tom" in jest (?) and have been somewhat concerned what that means. All of our products are so similar, and so many people are more than competent in completing each task. What behaviors am I exhibiting that is producing this response? How would this situation apply in a classroom? Do we ever compliment students in situations where they feel like their work does not need to be compared to that of others? Of course it happens. And as facilitators, the task of offering compliments is complicated when the products are so similar. There must be clear cases where a student is excelling before we offer praise, otherwise we loose the student's faith. The group has a decent comfortability, but the labels we give people always make me think about how roles are given and how titles affect student roles, both positively and negatively. I'm not sure how iMovie will translate to my classroom instruction, because the resources are unreliably available at BSSCS. It is difficult when all staff are sharing two laptop carts. Also, when planning the unit, we have to consider server maintenance and such. |
| Thursday I don't remember Thursday. It was a blur. Today is Friday, at about 6:55PM. I am sitting on the gray, wooden porch at the front of the McKernan Hospitality complex, breathing in a slight breeze and enjoying sunlight. I was just told by Nicole that it was, indeed, this day that the topic teams were selected, and shortly thereafter I became another person. I became someone who was addicted to a computer program, who took on way more than I should have - something that is/was no longer, a competing commitment of mine. |
Differentiation
and Assessment |
| Friday Spent the day on iMovie, cursing, kicking, swinging my arms wilding every time the pinwheel of death showed its rainbow face. |
Technology Prior to this summit, my teaching concerns were primarily about individual observations, taking on personal responsibility for the world around you, and not depending on others or even expecting others to always do the right. Our society has reached a point of almost unlimited media works in television, film, theatre, music and gaming. A student today not only must be taught how to access research in a class, but which research is worth acessing. Independence from this boom of available information seems socially responsible. However, now, anyone working in academic professions must not only have access to this information, but also know its formative processes as well as the philosophical and ethical elements. These elements have evolved as our human minds have done what they do best - finding the most efficient ways to access what we need. Human mental development is tied directly to the methods and styles of information distribution. We are data junkies from birth. This summit raised some important questions about technology education, particularly about web use for information. Teachers have spent years in dialogue about reading strategies. Now, strategies in web use must be considered, if we are to follow the trend of communication, and assure consistent literacy across all academic discipline. |